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The term tsunami comes from the Japanese language and means big wave in the bay . It occurs during an earthquake in the sea or ocean when conditions are created for the formation of powerful waves in the water column. These waves diverge in all directions from the epicenter onto the surface of the seabed (Mai, 2019). The focus is located in the Earth at a certain depth, most often within several tens of kilometers. The deformations of rocks arise in the area of the focus, which leads to ruptures and the release of accumulated energy (Abdolali et al.,2019). This paper aims to explain the phenomenon of a tsunami, and its speed, and describe how it is generated, how it travels, and reaches the coast.
Not every earthquake in the ocean can cause a tsunami. A giant wave is formed when there is a sudden, sharp displacement of the ocean floor, and especially often with an instantaneous vertical rise of one of the tectonic rupture wings (Röbke and Vött, 2017). A detailed analysis of the conditions for tsunami excitation showed that the maximum amplitude of tsunami waves occurs when rocks are displaced at a depth of about 10 km (Chagué-Goff et al., 2017). In case the hypocenter is located deeper, the amplitude gradually decreases. While in the ocean on a ship or yacht, a long surface wave may not be noticed, the situation changes when it approaches a shallow shore with a wide and gentle underwater slope.
Thus, a sharp and instantaneous displacement of the bottom causes a simultaneous rise of the ocean water column and waves on the surface, diverging sideways at a speed of up to 600-800 km / h (Attary et al., 2017). The deeper the ocean, the higher the speed of the waves, which is roughly proportional to the square root of the depth (Minowa et al., 2019). The wave speed is determined only by the local ocean depth and is equal to c = (g h) 1/2
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