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Introduction/Thesis statement
The foremost issue, within the theoretical framework of translation-paradigm, has traditionally been considered the fact that the syntactical structure and semiotic mechanisms of Source Languages (SL) often prove irreconcilable with that of Target Languages (TL). Therefore, it does not come as a particular surprise that, while addressing the task of providing an adequate translation from one language to another, many translators face the challenge of choosing in favor of an appropriate translation-technique, which would alleviate the problem of SL and TLs linguistically-semantic incompatibility. Nevertheless, given the fact that, while executing their professional duties, the translators are now at liberty to take practical advantage of a variety of different translation theories, the earlier mentioned problem cannot be referred to as utterly unsolvable. In this paper, I will aim to explore the validity of the above suggestion at length, in regards to what appear to be the foremost difficulties of translating the English text George Eastman into Russian, and what should be considered proper approaches to these difficulties effective tackling.
Problem/solution one
One of the major problems associated with the process of English sentences being translated into the Russian language is the fact that; whereas the English language features a so-called fixed-word-order, Russian language is being usually discussed as such that features a clearly defined free-word-order of sentential structuring. In its turn, this explains why; whereas, in the English language, the nouns semiotic significance is being of essentially functional nature (e.g., jellyfish), the semiotic significance of nouns in the Russian language is best defined as attitudinal (it is specifically Russian nouns emotional subtleties, which account for the specifics of how these nouns are being perceived by native speakers).
Therefore, it would prove quite inappropriate to utilize the methodology of natural equivalence, while translating the following sentence into English: He was a high school dropout, judged not especially gifted when measured against the academic standards of the day (2005). The reason for this is simple due to the earlier articulated reasons, in the Russian language, there can be no semantically matching equivalent for the term dropout, by definition. In its turn, this is being suggestive of the fact that, while dealing with the earlier outlined translation-related challenge, translators may, in fact, be able to benefit from addressing it within the methodological framework of descriptive/polysystemic or functional translation-theories. This, however, would constitute a violation of Occams principle, which presupposes that is it is inappropriate to apply complex solutions to a particular problem for as long as the application of simplified solutions to this problem is believed to prove to be just as effective.
Therefore, it will only be logical, on our part, to resort to the provisions of directional equivalence translation-theory within the context of striving to come up with a semiotically adequate translation of this particular sentence. According to these provisions, the rate of translational adequacy in TL is being reflective of the extent of how the translated sentence is being capable of triggering the same cognitive responses in targeted audiences members: The relationship between receptor and message should be substantially the same as that which existed between the original receptors and the message (Nida 1964: l59). Given the fact that the Russian notion of =54>CG82H89AO H:>;L=8: is essentially synonymous to the English term high school dropout, it would make a perfectly good sense to translate the earlier mentioned sentence as follows: O= 1K; =54>CG82H89AO H:>;L=8:, :>B>@>3> 2> 2@5
Problem/solution two
Another major obstacle on the way of translators striving to ensure the semiotic integrity of translated texts is the fact that connotative signifiers, contained in SL and TL, never cease remaining in the state of a continual transition. In its turn, this can be explained by the fact that the actual meaning of spoken/written sentences is reflective of currently predominant socio-cultural discourse. This is the reason why, even though in many cases it proves quite possible for the translators to be able to find cognitively equivalent idioms in TL, the discursive sounding of these idioms often appears to mismatch the discursive sounding of semantically equivalent idioms in SL. A good illustration of the validity of this suggestion can serve the challenge of adequately translating the following easy sentence from the given text: The camera was as big as a microwave oven and needed a heavy tripod (2005). Obviously enough, while comparing Eastmans first camera to a microwave oven, the author strived to emphasize the cameras large size.
Nevertheless, there are good reasons to believe that the reason why the texts author compared Eastmans first camera to a microwave oven, as the mean to stress out the cameras largeness, is that at the time when he/she was working on this particular text, microwave ovens were indeed rather huge. However, given the fact that, as of today, microwave ovens had effectively ceased to emanate the connotative spirit of hugeness, it would prove quite inappropriate for translators to resort to the provisions of natural equivalence theory while translating this particular sense into Russian. Instead, they should give it a thought to proceed with translating this sentence alongside descriptive/polysystemic theorys guidelines, which imply that the extent of translations accuracy is reflective of the extent of its discursive fitness. As was noted by Toury: Translatorship amounts first and foremost to be able to play a social role, i.e., to fulfill a function allotted by a community to the activity, its practitioners and/or their products in a way which is deemed appropriate in its own terms of reference (1999: 198).
Therefore, in order for the translator to be able to ensure such a discursive fitness, he or she would have to come up with a comparison-reference that would imply the notion of hugeness within the context of what accounts for the realities of todays living. Hence, the proposed translation for this particular sentence: 0<5@0 1K;0 B0:>9 65 1>;LH>9 :0: :>@>1:0 87 ?>4 ?;07<5==>3> B5;5287>@0 (The camera was as big as a plasma TVs cardboard box). It goes without saying, of course, that as the result of plasma TVs cardboard box being used as a comparison-referential, the semantic meaning of a translated sentence appears qualitatively altered. This, however, is being compensated by the fact that, in the discursive sense of this word, the utilization of this particular comparison-referential appears much more appropriate.
Problem/solution three
Very often, while addressing their professional duties, translators get to realize a simple fact that, in order for the translated texts in TL to represent an objective value, these texts must emanate the spirit of cultural ambivalence. This suggestion is being consistent with the conventions of cultural theory of translation, the proponents of which assess the extent of a particular TL translations adequateness in regards to what appears to be this translations ability to negate cultural boundaries: Translation is the most obviously recognizable type of rewriting, and& it is potentially the most influential because it is able to project the image of an author and/or those works beyond the boundaries of their culture of origin (Lefevere 1992: 9). Therefore, it is fully explainable why, despite the following SL sentences seeming simplicity: Beyond his inventive genius, Eastman blended human and democratic qualities, with remarkable foresight, into the building of his business.
He believed employees should have more than just good wages a way of thinking that was far ahead of management people of his era (2005), translating it into Russian would prove quite challengeable. The reason for this is simple this sentences semantic overtones imply that the potential readers are as much affiliated with the values of democracy and free-market economy, as it happened to be the case with the texts author himself. Nevertheless, given the fact that, as many contemporary sociologists are well aware off, the majority of Russians tend to adopt a strongly defined skeptical attitude towards the presumed universal legitimacy of neo-liberal values, it would make so much more sense for the translators to go about translating the earlier mentioned sentence in a culturally ambivalent manner. That is, they would have to make sure that Eastmans virtues are not being solely discussed in regards to the rationale-driven workings of his Anglo-Saxon mentality, but rather in regards to this individuals strive to benefit humanity, as something that represents the value of thing in itself.
Therefore, I suggest that this sentence should be translated as follows: C4CG8 =045;5==K< 87>1@5B0B5;LA:8< 35=85<, AB<0= B0:65 =8:>340 =5 ?5@5AB020; 701>B8BAO > @01>G8E. = 7=0;, GB> ?@>AB>5 >15A?5G5=85 @01>G8E E>@>H59 70@?;0B>9 =5 5ABL 548=AB25==K< A?>A>1>< 30@0=B8@>20=8O 8E ;>O;L=>AB8 B0:8< >1@07><, AB<0= ?@542>AE8B8; A2>5 2@5 As it was implied earlier, it represents a matter of crucial importance for the translators to be able to ensure cognitively perceptional integrity of translated texts in TL. Nevertheless, this often proves challengeable due to many translators tendency to utilize an intellectually simplistic approach while transferring a discursively bounded linguistic meaning into another language. Apparently, it often skips translators attention that they never cease being at liberty to provide translated texts in TL with interpretative undertones, which in turn makes it easier for the targeted audiences to process the actual information. The earlier suggestion provides us with a preliminary insight into what should account for the proper translation of the following sentence in SL: Eastman died by his own hand on March 14, 1932, at the age of 77. Plagued by a progressive disability resulting from a hardening of the cells in the lower spinal cord, Eastman became increasingly frustrated at his inability to maintain an active life (2005). The reason why, instead of making reference to Eastmans death as the death by suicide, the author of the original text utilized the death by its own hand idiom, is that he/she strived to reduce the negative sounding of this particular connotation. After all, the original text is essentially the praise of Eastmans numerous virtues. However, given the fact that, when translated into Russian, the idiom death by its own hand (A<5@BL >B A2>59 @C:8) would still imply a strongly defined negativity, it makes a much better sense for the process of translating this sentence to be observant of provisions of functional theory of translation, which presuppose translators being in a position to induce cognitively appropriate reactions in TL audiences members: Translational action is intentional behavior in a given situation& In order to be able to establish this (authors) intention, the translator receives significant assistance if he determines to which text-type and text-variety (relevant for translating) any given text belong (Reiss 1999: 161). Therefore, I suggest that the earlier SLs sentence should be translated as follows: :>=F5 A2>59 :0@L5@K, AB<0= AB@040; >B B>3> GB> >= =5 <>3 25AB8 0:B82=K9 >1@07 687=8. C4CG8 =5 2 A8;0E ?@>B82>AB>OBL 45?@5AA88, AB<0= C<5@ 2 1932 3>4C, 2 2>7@0AB5 77 ;5B (At the end of his career, Eastman used to suffer from his inability to lead a physically active lifestyle. Being unable to withstand depression, Eastman died in 1932, at the age of 77). Thus, even though the TL translation of this particular sentence appears intentionally misleading to an extent, it nevertheless correlates rather well with the texts overall connotative sounding. There many cases when it proves quite impossible for the translators to be fully aware of the factual meaning behind a number of sentences/idioms in SL, even though these sentences/idioms appear grammatically and stylistically sound. Consequently, they often experience a particularly hard time while trying to rephrase translated sentences in a stylistically correspondent manner with these sentences original syntax in SL. This is because, contrary to the subconscious cravings of peoples psyche, the semantic meaning behind many formally legitimate sentences/phrases/idioms appears to be of essentially illusionary nature. This idea resonates with the foremost theoretical premise of indeterminacy of translation theory: Mutually incompatible manuals of translation can conform to all the same distributions of speech dispositions. But the only facts of nature that bear on the correctness of translation are speech dispositions. Thus, mutually incompatible manuals of translation can conform to all the same overall states of nature (Quine 1990: 50). Quines point of view, in this respect, enlightens us on what should be considered a methodologically appropriate approach towards translating the following sentence from the provided text: Eastman was a stupendous factor in the education of the modern world (2005). Given the fact that the implicational meaning of the idiom stupendous factor can be interpreted from a number of different perspectives, it does not make much of a sense for translators to preoccupy themselves with trying to figure out what the author had in mind by this idiom, in the first place. Instead, they should proceed with translating this sentence in a manner that feels the most natural to them. I personally would translate this particular sentence as follows: AB<0= 2=5A 1>;LH>9 2:;04 2 45;> ?@>A25I5=8O (Eastman contributed substantially to the cause of enlightenment). In full accordance with the provisions of indeterminacy theory, the fact that the translated sentence in TL appears rather simplistic is simultaneously suggestive of its appropriateness as the meaning-conveying medium. I believe that the earlier deployed line of argumentation, in defense of a suggestion that translators intellectual flexibility (reflected by their ability to utilize different theories of translation at will) is the key to ensuring their professional success if being fully consistent with this papers initial thesis. Kodak Corporation (2005) George Eastman [WWW]. Web. Lefevere, Andre, Translation, Rewriting and the Manipulation of Literary Fame (London & New York: Routledge, 1992). Nida, Eugene, Principles of correspondence, in Lawrence Venuti (ed.), Translation Studies Reader (Florence, KY: Routledge, 1999) pp. 126-140. Quine, W.V., Pursuit of Truth (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990). Reiss, Katharina, Decision Making in Translation, in Lawrence Venuti (ed.), Translation Studies Reader (Florence, KY: Routledge, 1999) pp. 160-172. Toury, Gideon, The Nature and Role of Norms in Translation, in Lawrence Venuti (ed.), Translation Studies Reader (Florence, KY: Routledge, 1999) pp. 198-213. Order from us for quality, customized work in due time of your choice.Problem/solution four
Problem/solution five
Conclusion
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