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Context and Summary
Summary
The Letter from a Birmingham Jail speech addresses the subject that many people fighting against racism and segregation regarded as controversial at the time, particularly, Martin Luther Kings decision to use nonviolence as the means of addressing rampant racism and discrimination that could be witnessed in the United States at the time, is the primary focus of the letters. The letter was written to the opponents of Martin Luther Kings actions; particularly, it targeted clergymen that subjected Dr. Kings decisions to harsh criticism due to his decision to extend the range of his activities to encouraging change in Birmingham. Dr. King explained in his letter that he strived to battle injustice no matter where it occurred and, therefore, had to switch his focus to Birmingham, where racial segregation reached its peak at the time.
Context
Since Martin Luther Kings decision to move to Birmingham instead of continuing his work in Alabama raised a lot of questions and led to several suggestions about the necessity to switch to a more aggressive strategy, the letter was supposed to convince the audience that nonviolence was the key to managing the issue of segregation. Thus, the pressure from the proponents of more radical measures, the need to follow the chosen policy, and the racist policies enhanced by Bull Connor are the key components of the context in which the letter was written. Thus, it is the sociopolitical conflict in the midst of which Dr. King found himself that can be considered the context of the letter. Becoming very vivid as the details of the situation unwrap in the letter, the confrontation between the clergy and Martin Luther King is the key context in which the speech has to be placed.
Induction and Deduction
Induction
The examples of induction are rather hard to trace in Martin Luther Kings speech, mostly because Dr. King general assumptions about the social and racial tensions in the U.S. based on his experience was not the purpose of the letter. However, some aspects of inductive reasoning can be located if considering Dr. Kings arguments closer. For instance, he points out that all African Americans living in Alabama, as well as some parts of the United States, are prohibited from voting, which implies that the results thereof cannot be considered as legitimate. Afterward, Martin Luther King questions the legitimacy of any regulation passed under the rule of the president who has not been elected democratically, thus, generalizing the first assumption. The specified argument can be considered an example of inductive reasoning.
Deduction
The inductive reasoning of the letter, in turn, shines through as Martin Luther King addresses the nature of a nonviolent movement as the means of proving his point. According to Dr. King, nonviolent opposition contributes to the creation of social tension that leads to peaceful and efficient resolution. Seeing that his idea of opposing Bull Connors racist policies is that of a nonviolent protest, it will lead to efficient management of the issue. Particularly, Dr. King stresses that it is not tension that he refuses to create, but an uncontrollable amount of violence. By addressing the nature of a nonviolent action, in general, and connecting it to the type of protesting that he chose, Martin Luther King built a compelling deductive argument. The deductive elements of the speech, therefore, contribute to the creation of the sense of urgency, making Dr. Kings argument very convincing.
Definition and Description
Definition
To make his point clear and convincing, Martin Luther King used both definitions and descriptions in his speech. The definitions allowed proving his point right and getting the essence of the message across. Particularly, he subverted the idea of inequality successfully by outlining its nonsensical nature. Furthermore, the nature of the protest, as well as the people that participate in it, was defined in the speech by juxtaposing nonviolent protesters to the ones that use force as a means to an end. Although the specified definition focused on what the protesters are not rather than what they were, it still represented the goals that Martin Luther King and his supporters pursued. As a result, Dr. Kings speech became poignant and direct, pointing to the grave injustice that African American people were suffering at the time. Even though a definition was supposed to be juxtaposed to a description, thus, containing the logical element of a speech, in Martin Luther Kings letter, the two intertwined and, therefore, allowed creating a unique and persuasive argument.
Description
Serving as emotional support for Dr. Kings argument, the descriptions used in the letter supported the main idea, thus, helping recreate the atmosphere in which the speech was written. The descriptions were used to appeal to clergymens sense of justice by creating an image of trials and tribulations that African American people had to stand for their voices to be heard in the American society at the time. Because of the emotionally charged arguments that Dr. King made in his speech, the descriptions add to the weight of the general argument, thus, becoming a part thereof. For example, he made a very legitimate statement about the nonviolent nature of his movement by portraying the sense of being lost and the endeavors at clinging to their identity that African American people were experiencing during the era of the civil rights movement.
Comparison
Similarities
To make the main idea even more convincing, Dr. King introduced a range of comparisons into his speech. For example, he compares justice to a river, the waters of which roll free and unrestrained. The use of similarities allows appealing to the audiences emotions by drawing lines between the subject matter and the images and experiences that are relatively universal and, therefore, are likely to be familiar to the intended audience. As a result, the dangers of extremism as an alternative to Dr. Kings movement are outlined very clearly, and the reasons for him to choose nonviolence as the means of fighting against discrimination and racism become evident. The allusions to Bible that Martin Luther King made in his speech also served the purpose of pointing to the wrongfulness of segregation and proclaiming equality as the only possible foundation for relationships between representatives of different races and ethnicities.
Contrasts
To produce the intended emotional effect, Martin Luther King also used contrasts in his famous letter. For example, he refers to the time when he was supported by the church during his bus protest that took place in Montgomery. Stressing that he received significant assistance from church members, he juxtaposed his elevated emotional state when being encouraged to the disappointment that he experienced when observing the lack of cooperation from the church. Being emotionally charged and logically sound, Martin Luther Kings statement uses contrast effectively and delivers its message to the reader immediately.
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