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It is frequently presumed that as individuals get older, they become more politically conservative. A political science student wants to verify this postulate. Using secondary data, the student ran a chi-square analysis of the age-group (18–35, 36–55, 56–80) and self-described political affiliation (liberal, moderate, or conservative). The results of his analysis are provided in the tables below, but the student is having difficultly explaining the results. Address the following:
Describe the overall findings of the chi-square in the output, including the cell contributions, based on the standardized residuals.
What conclusions can the student make concerning this postulate?
Case Processing Summary
Cases
Valid
Missing
Total
N
Percent
N
Percent
N
Percent
Political leanings * Age category
60
100.0%
0
0.0%
60
100.0%
Political leanings * Age category Crosstabulation
Age Category
Young Adult
Middle-Aged
Older Adult
Political Leanings
Conservative
Count
4
3
11
Expected Count
6.0
6.0
6.0
Standardized Residual
-.8
-1.2
2.0
Moderate
Count
4
9
5
Expected Count
6.0
6.0
6.0
Standardized Residual
-.8
1.2
-.4
Liberal
Count
12
8
4
Expected Count
8.0
8.0
8.0
Standardized Residual
1.4
.0
-1.4
Total
Count
20
20
20
Expected Count
20.0
20.0
20.0
Chi-Square Tests
Value
df
Asymptotic Significance (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square
12.667a
4
.013
Likelihood Ratio
12.350
4
.015
Linear-by-Linear Association
8.016
1
.005
N of Valid Cases
60
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 6.00.
Directional Measures
Value
Asymptotic Standard Errora
Approximate Tb
Approximate Significance
Nominal by Nominal
Lambda
Symmetric
.263
.116
2.070
.038
Political leanings Dependent
.222
.139
1.438
.150
Age category Dependent
.300
.111
2.372
.018
Goodman and Kruskal tau
Political leanings Dependent
.106
.059
.014c
Age category Dependent
.106
.059
.014c
a. Not assuming the null hypothesis
b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis
c. Based on chi-square approximation
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