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Intervention Background
Statistics shows that many representatives of the adolescent population are under a threat of getting HIV infection. African American males are under the influence of the living conditions and the events taking place around. They live with single parents, do not have a chance to get the desirable education, and fall to learn the peculiarities of a sexual life (Voisin & Bird, 2009; DiClemente, Wingood, Harrington, & Lang, 2004). Patients with HIV infections get poor treatment due to inabilities to share information, evaluate the already known material, and use the technologies accordingly (Rudy, Murphy, Harris, Muenz, & Ellen, 2009; Thompson & Auslander, 2011).
Summary of the Intervention Plan
The intervention program is about the distribution of leaflets for adolescents with HIV as well as other representatives of society. The main stakeholders are the nurses, who may create and distribute the leaflets. The distribution of leaflets should help to inform adolescents about the peculiarities of sexual life, teach more about HIV infection and its threat to society, and provide adolescents with contact information where credible fast help may be found.
Formative and Summative Approaches
Formative evaluation should help programs stakeholders understand if the chosen program successful or not and if some modifications are necessary or not. It may be a questionnaire for nurses, who are going to distribute leaflets, and for adolescents, who may be interested in the information offered in leaflets.
Summative evaluation should help to define the urgency of the HIV infection problem in adolescent population and prevent its development is met. Qualitative and quantitative aspects of the programs should be considered. Questionnaires to learn how many people are interested with the intervention program are offered.
Evaluation Details
An evaluation plan should help programs stakeholders understand what kind of information about HIV infection is necessary for adolescents.
Tools
Formative evaluation may be organized during the intervention process. The nurses may be asked the following questions.
How many leaflets do you distribute every day?
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10 or less
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10-50
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50-100
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100 and more
How old are people, who are eager to take a leaflet and read it?
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15-20
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20-30
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30-40
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40 and more
Do people ask distributors additional questions about the program?
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Yes
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No
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From time to time
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Do not pay attention
Are people eager to join the program after they look at leaflets?
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Yes
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No
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From time to time
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Do not pay attention
How many calls does the committee receive after the leaflets are offered?
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10 or less
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10-50
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50-100
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100 and more
The following questions may be offered to a group of young people during the intervention.
Have you ever heard about the organizations that aim at providing care for HIV infected adolescents?
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YES
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ABSOLUTELY YES
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NO
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definitely NO
Do you want to become a member of a team that helps adolescents with HIV?
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YES
-
ABSOLUTELY YES
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NO
-
definitely NO
Have you ever seen a leaflet with information about HIV infection on it?
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YES
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ABSOLUTELY YES
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NO
-
definitely NO
Do you think HIV infection is an urgent topic for discussions?
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YES
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ABSOLUTELY YES
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NO
-
definitely NO
Do you find it necessary to help adolescents prevent HIV?
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YES
-
ABSOLUTELY YES
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NO
-
definitely NO
Should adolescents learn more about sexual life at schools?
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YES
-
ABSOLUTELY YES
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NO
-
definitely NO
Is it necessary to create specialized groups to discuss HIV?
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YES
-
ABSOLUTELY YES
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NO
-
definitely NO
The following summative tool will help to evaluate the general impact of the intervention, its necessity, and urgency for society.
Sex:
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Male
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Female
Age:
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15-20
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21-25
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26-30
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31 and more
Ethnic background:
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American
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African American
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Chinese
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Hispanic
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White
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Japanese
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Other _________ (what?)
Do you live with parents?
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Yes
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No
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Other _________ (what?)
Do you know what HIV is?
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Yes
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No
Do you have HIV?
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Yes
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No
Do you have friends/relatives/fellows with HIV?
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Yes
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No
Do you use the services offered by program?
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Yes
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No
Do you want to become a part of a program?
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Yes
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No
Have you already been treated with HIV?
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Yes
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No
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Thinking about it
Process
The evaluation of the answers should help to see whether adolescents are eager to learn more about HIV, its outcomes, and treatment or not. First of all, it is necessary to know which age group is more interested in the discussions. The intervention evaluation is a chance to organize the results of the work done and make the necessary conclusions. Programs developers should think about the conditions under which the evaluation process may take place. It is necessary to spend much time on streets (it is preferable to choose the same place where the leaflets have been already offered) and ask people to participate in questionnaires.
Data analysis
The effectiveness of an intervention plan will be proved in case the intervention promoters know how people use the information. The evaluation should touch upon different aspects of human life. It is not enough to ask questions and analyze answers. Nurses should also use medical data to check whether the level of cases with HIV is changed or not. It is necessary to follow any changes which touch upon the issue of HIV and adolescents.
Reference List
DiClemente, R.J., Wingood, G.M., Harrington, K.F., & Lang, D. L. (2004). Efficacy of an HIV prevention intervention for African American adolescent girls: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 292(2), 171-179.
Rudy, B.J., Murphy, D.A., Harris, D.R., Muenz, L., & Ellen, J. (2009). Patient-related risks for nonadherence to antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected youth in the United States: A study of prevalence and interactions. AIDS Patient Care and Standards, 23(3), 185-194.
Thompson, R. G. & Auslander, W.F. (2011). Substance use and mental health problems as predictors of HIV sexual risk behaviors among adolescents in foster care. Health and Social Work, 36(1), 33-43.
Voisin, D.R. & Bird, J.D.P. (2009). What African American male adolescents are telling us about HIV infection among their peers: Cultural approaches for HIV prevention. Social Work, 54(3), 201-210.
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