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Brief History
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Hispanics/Latinos are the largest minority cultural group, while Mexicans form the largest socio-cultural group among the Hispanic/Latino constituency (Pineda, n.d.)
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Their history spans around 500 years
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Harsh colonial experiences, quest for a better life, and political instability were key to migrating to the US.
Values
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In both groups, extended family is the main source of identity and protection.
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Collectivist/group-oriented values are predominant in both (Cultural insights, n.d.)
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In both groups, respect, politeness, and kindness are highly valued (Carteret, n.d.)
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Nursing implication professionals need to develop an approach that incorporates the values of family, collectivism, and respect in delivering care to these groups.
Worldview
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Both groups are very close to the spirit world.
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Both groups are influenced by a belief in destiny.
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Both groups emphasize religious tradition.
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Nursing implication interventions should respond appropriately to the normative worldviews to deconstruct the negative philosophies of life using culturally-sensitive information (Lemley & Spies, 2015)
Language and Communication
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In both groups, Spanish is a key marker of social, personal, and political identity (Cultural insights, n.d., p. 3)
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Most Hispanics/Latinos speak English; however, Mexicans demonstrate hardship in communicating in English than other socio-cultural groups.
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In nonverbal communication, maintaining eye contact can be interpreted by Mexicans as a challenge or intimidation (Cultural insights, n.d., p. 17)
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Nursing implication be sensitive to language and consider using culturally-sensitive bilingual health messages when communicating to patients of Mexican descent (Lemley & Spies, 2015)
Art and other Expressive Forms
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Murals and religious artifacts are used to communicate emotions in both groups.
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Mexicans use religious artifacts (e.g., Holy Cross and pictures of Virgin Mary) more than other Latino socio-cultural groups.
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Nursing implication emphasize cultural sensitivity when designing interventions as some artworks may be interpreted negatively in Mexican heritage (Lemley & Spies, 2015)
Norms and Values
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Both groups are not time conscious, hence patients often show up late for appointments (Carteret, n.d.)
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Both groups do not expect orderly processes in healthcare contexts.
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Hispanic social norms emphasize the importance of communication (verbal and nonverbal) in interpersonal relationships (Cultural insights, n.d., p. 17).
Lifestyle Characteristics
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In both groups, food must be accompanied by herbs and other natural remedies.
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Low rates of smoking/illicit drug use in both groups
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Low rates of early sexual activity in both groups
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Low levels of alcohol use in both groups
Relationship Patterns
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In both groups, trust is built around family and friends.
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In both groups, mutual dependence and undying loyalty are prevalent in relationships.
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Both groups demonstrate an unwillingness to self-disclose (Lemley & Spies, 2015)
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Nursing implication professionals must solicit opinions from family members and friends to gain the trust and confidence of patients in both groups
Common Rituals
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In both groups, religion is a way of life.
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Both groups express a belief that a person cannot alter fate.
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Latinos believe diseases are caused by natural/supernatural events; however, Mexicans believe envy (envidia) causes illness/bad luck (Cultural insights, n.d.)
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Nursing implication using culturally-sensitive interventions to challenge these rituals is effective in increasing uptake of healthcare services (Carteret, n.d.)
Assimilation of Marginalization
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In both groups, the focus is on acculturation.
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Acculturation stress has led to higher levels of alcohol/drug use among Mexican adolescents than in the general Latino/Hispanic population (Marsiglia, Nagashi, Parsai, Booth, & Castro, 2014)
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In both groups, acculturation is leading to the breakdown of the family structure.
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Nursing implication healthcare interventions must take into account the levels of acculturation and resultant challenges, particularly among adolescents of Mexican heritage (Marsiglia et al., 2014)
Health Behaviors and Practices
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Both groups show take traditional food and herbs to cure disease.
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Low immunization rates documented in both groups (Lemley & Spies, 2015)
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Hispanics/Latinos have the highest uninsured rates in America, at 32%; the uninsured rate of individuals of Mexican heritage is 34.7%
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Individuals in both groups are reluctant to visit primary care physicians.
References
Carteret, M. (n.d.). Cultural values of Latino patients and families. Web.
Cultural insights: Communicating with Hispanics/Latinos. (n.d.). Web.
Lemley, M., & Spies, L.A. (2015). Traditional beliefs and practices among Mexican American immigrants with type II diabetes: A case study. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, 27, 185-189. Web.
Marsiglia, F.F., Nagashi, J.L., Parsai, M., Booth, J.M., & Castro, F.G. (2014). The parent-child acculturation gap, parental monitoring, and substance use in Mexican heritage adolescents in Mexican neighborhoods of the Southwest U.S. Journal of Community Psychology, 42,530-543. Web.
Pineda, A.M. (n.d.). The history and experience of Latinos/Hispanics in the United States. Web.
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