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Correlations
Relationship between assertiveness and the tendency to express anger openly
What are the means and standard deviations of the two variables, rath and about ?
For a total of 65 subjects, the mean for rath is 3.3902 with a standard deviation of.4330. On the other hand, 63 subjects had a mean of 2.1071 for axout with a standard deviation of.4276 (Table 1).
What is the Pearson r?
The Pearson correlation r between rath and axout is r =.286.
What is the p-value ( significance level )? What does this p-value mean?
The 2-tailed significance value for this Pearson r is.023, which is less than.05, indicating that there is a significant relationship between rath and axout . It is therefore evident that there is a statistically significant relationship between assertiveness and the tendency to express anger openly (Table 2).
How does the n (sample size) of this sample affect the r and p values?
Field (2009) explains that the larger the sample size, the more true the reflection of the strength of the relationship between two variables. As such, a larger sample size, n, is likely to increase the value of r perhaps to a figure that is greater than.5 thus indicating a strong relationship between rath and axout . At the same time, the p-value is deemed to reduce further below the significance level of.05, thus indicating a more statistically significant relationship. Reducing the sample size on the other hand reduces r and is likely to increase p values thus giving a false reflection of the relationship between the two variables.
Regression
Relationship between assertiveness and whether one holds anger in
R and its meaning
According to Table 4, there is a negative correlation between Crowne-Marlowe and axin, r = -.246. R is the correlation coefficient between the variables, in this case, the correlation between assertiveness and holding anger in. The R-value for this model is.246 indicating that there is a negative but weak relationship between the tendency to hold anger in and assertiveness. In other words, the correlation between assertiveness and holding anger in is.246 (Table 5).
R2 and its meaning
The R squared value for this model is.061 which indicates that 6.1 percent of holding anger in is contributed by the individuals assertiveness (Table 5). This is because the R squared value is used to determine the proportion of variance explained by the model (predictor).
F and its meaning
The F-test value for this model is 4.073 and the F-test determines the statistical significance of the model whereby if the F-test is significant, then the model is termed as fit. In this model, the F value is significant p =.048 (Table 6) indicating that an individuals assertiveness is a significant variable in predicting the individuals tendency to hold anger in.
The F ratio (4.073) means that fitting in the model (i.e. considering assertiveness) leads to a 4.073 increase in the tendency to hold anger in. The p-value associated with the F value is.048 i.e. F (1, 63) = 4.073, p =.048). The p-value (significance value) indicates that the F value is statistically significant. In other words, there is a statistically significant change in holding anger in as a result of an individuals assertiveness.
Standard coefficient
The standard coefficient for the variable axin is -.246. The standard coefficient for the variable axin is significant because the value is below.05, i.e. p =.048 (Table 7).
Significance means that the variables obtained from the computations can be relied upon to explain the relationship between the variables being examined. In other words, one unit change in axin causes a -.246 change on Crowne-Marlowe.
The standardized coefficients are the same as the Beta coefficients and it helps in the direct comparison of the strength of one variable against another variable. It is possible to do a comparison of a Beta (standardized) coefficient against another standardized coefficient since they are determined in standard deviations. However, with the unstandardized coefficients, it is impossible to give a direct comparison between two variables since these are not measured in standard deviations. Instead, it is only possible to state that a one-unit change in the predictor variables results in a given unit change in the outcome variable (Siegel, 2011).
Confidence interval
The confidence interval (CI) for axin is 95% CI (-.083 -.000) indicating that the value of the regression coefficients in the population falls within -.083 and.000 (Table 7). The confidence intervals values produced for unstandardized regression coefficients help determine the likely value of the regression coefficients in the population.
Summary
From the above analyses and interpretations, it can be said that the more an individual is assertive, the less likely the individual is to hold anger in. In other words, assertive individuals tend to express anger more openly. Increased assertiveness leads to a decreased tendency to hold anger in.
References
Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS. California, SAGE Publications Ltd.
Siegel, S. (2011). Practical business statistics. Oxford: Academic Press.
Appendix
Table 1: Mean and SD for rath and axout .
Table 2: Pearson Correlation for rath and axout .
Table 3: Mean and Standard Deviation for Crowne-marlowe and Axin.
Table 4: Correlation between Crowne-marlowe and Axin.
Table 5: Regression Analysis.
Table 6: ANOVA Test and F-Statistic
Table 7: Unstandardized and Standardized Coefficients.
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