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Introduction
One of the most devastating diseases of our time, Parkinsons disease, is a pressing issue for healthcare providers worldwide. It is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects the ability to control movement (Carranza et al., 2013). The main cause is the extinction of dopamine-producing cells of the brain, which results in a decrease in dopamine, an important chemical messenger in the control of movement (Marie, 2020). As Parkinsons disease can significantly impact the patient and their family, it is critical to comprehend the condition, the range of treatment options, and the patient care requirements.
Disease Overview
Symptoms of Parkinsons disease typically develop slowly. Tremors, most commonly seen in the hands and fingers, are often one of the first signs of Parkinsons disease (Lenka & Jankovic, 2021). As the disease worsens, the person may find it more difficult to move freely because of increased limb stiffness and rigidity (Carranza et al., 2013). Parkinsons disease may also cause changes in speech, such as slurring or a monotone voice (Carranza et al., 2013). As a result of the symptoms, daily activities like walking, getting dressed, and writing may become challenging due to a loss of balance and coordination.
The severity of the diseases symptoms may worsen as it develops. Such symptoms include cognitive impairment and trouble with daily life tasks (Júlio et al., 2020). In the later stages of the illness, dementia may also occur (Carranza et al., 2013). Parkinsons disease patients frequently experience depression, which can be attributed to the diseases physical restrictions and social isolation (Carranza et al., 2013). For example, Parkinsons disease patients could find it challenging to carry out regular duties like grocery shopping, cleaning, and cooking.
As it stands, the exact cause of Parkinsons disease is unknown. According to research, certain gene mutations may enhance the likelihood of a person developing Parkinsons disease (Selvaraj & Piramanayagam, 2019). Studies have also suggested that the environment, including exposure to pesticides and other pollutants, may have a role in the diseases development (Marie, 2020). Overall, Parkinsons disease is believed to be a result of both genetic and environmental factors.
Considering that everyone is affected by Parkinsons disease differently, a treatment strategy needs to be developed to address the individuals needs and symptoms. The elderly population is frequently affected by Parkinsons disease, with most cases being identified in those over 60 (Marie, 2020). Young-onset Parkinsons disease, on the other hand, is a kind that can strike younger individuals (Marie, 2020). Regardless of the onset time, it is important to engage closely with a healthcare professional to determine the best course of treatment for the patient and manage the disease as effectively as possible.
Treatment Options
Parkinsons disease is primarily treated with medication, surgery, and physical therapy. Medications such as levodopa, which helps to increase dopamine levels in the brain, and dopamine agonists, which mimic dopamine effects, can help reduce symptoms such as stiffness and tremors (Carranza et al., 2013). These medications can be very effective in managing the symptoms of Parkinsons disease, but they may also have side effects and may not be suitable for all patients (Carranza et al., 2013). In addition to medication, surgery such as deep brain stimulation can also be used to manage Parkinsons disease symptoms. This procedure involves implanting electrodes in specific brain areas to stimulate nerve cells, which can help reduce symptoms such as tremors and stiffness (Fejeran et al., 2022). This approach can be effective in managing the symptoms of Parkinsons disease, but it is a complex procedure that requires careful consideration and consultation with a neurosurgeon (Fejeran et al., 2022). This combination of a pharmacological and a surgical approach can curb the disease considerably and aid the patients condition.
Conversely, patients with Parkinsons disease symptoms can also benefit from physical therapy and exercise. In particular, exercise can assist in maintaining muscle strength and enhance cardiovascular health, while physical therapy can help to improve flexibility, coordination, and balance (BouçaMachado et al., 2019). Additionally, occupational therapy can enhance the quality of life and assist with daily living activities, such as handwriting (Foster et al., 2021). Finally, speech therapy can help with swallowing and communication problems (Marie, 2020). It is significant to remember that as the condition worsens and the symptoms evolve, the course of the treatment may also need to be modified. This highlights the importance of non-pharmacological therapy in treating Parkinsons disease.
Patient Care and Support
The above evidence shows that Parkinsons disease requires a multifaceted approach to care, attending to the patients physical and emotional requirements. Managing a patients medication schedule is one of the most important components of caring for someone with Parkinsons disease (Marie, 2020). Specifically, this involves watching for any side effects and ensuring the patient is taking the right medication dosage at the right times (Marie, 2020). It is crucial to routinely discuss the patients prescription schedule with their doctor to ensure it remains suitable as the disease progresses.
Caregiving for a person with Parkinsons disease also requires emotional and psychological assistance. This may entail linking the patient and their family with neighborhood Parkinsons disease organizations and offering counseling and support groups (Geerlings et al., 2022). It is critical to recognize that Parkinsons disease can have a substantial emotional and psychological impact and that these parts of the disease must be addressed.
Lastly, the cognitive decline caused by Parkinsons disease requires assistance with daily activities. Clothing, grooming, and bathing can all be a part of the patients care (Marie, 2020). Additionally, it is essential to ensure the patients residence is secure, convenient, and equipped with all essential modifications to meet their demands (Marie, 2020). All of the above is necessary to retain the patients comfort.
Families and Caregivers
For families, providing care for a loved one who has Parkinsons disease can be difficult and demanding. Family members frequently take on most caregiving duties outlined above (Ludlow et al., 2020). As the disease worsens and the symptoms increase, care frequently requires time, patience, and effort (Geerlings et al., 2022). In order to offer their loved ones the best care possible, families must be aware of how Parkinsons disease affects them physically and emotionally.
Providing emotional and psychological support is one of the most crucial things families can do to help a loved one with Parkinsons disease. Being a sympathetic ear is the main component of emotional support (Marie, 2022). It enables the patient to communicate their emotions and worries without appearing harsh or uncaring (Marie, 2022). Another way that families can encourage a loved one to point out their qualities and encourage them to engage in activities they enjoy (Marie, 2022). Being compassionate and patient with a loved one with Parkinsons disease is essential, as it might make the patient feel less frustrated.
Involving families in decision-making may be necessary if the patients condition worsens and new treatment alternatives become available. This can involve choices for treatments, medication, and even potential surgical options (Estrada-Bellmann & Meléndez-Flores, 2020). Family members require a deeper comprehension of the illness to make knowledgeable decisions regarding the care of their loved ones. Similarly, this emphasizes the importance of families educating themselves.
Furthermore, caregivers should not neglect themselves because caring for a loved one can be emotionally and physically taxing. Particular relaxation techniques entail acquiring frequent respite care, seeking out emotional support, and setting aside time for self-care (Geerlings et al., 2022). For the family to fully comprehend the patients condition, care plans, and treatment alternatives, there needs to be open communication between them and the healthcare provider (Marie, 2020). An essential thing to remember is that, despite being a huge burden, taking care of a loved one with Parkinsons disease may also be a wonderful opportunity to demonstrate support and love.
Conclusion
In conclusion, Parkinsons disease is a chronic condition that progressively worsens movement control and can significantly affect the patient and their family. Parkinsons disease currently has no known cure. However, therapeutic options available can help manage symptoms and enhance the quality of life, including medication, surgery, physical therapy, and exercise. In order to develop the most effective treatment strategy and give essential patient care, the patient, their family, and healthcare professionals must collaborate. Families are particularly crucial in managing the patients medication schedule and day-to-day activities and providing the patient with emotional and psychological support. As the patients condition progresses, it is critical to periodically review their needs and modify the treatment plan as necessary.
References
BouçaMachado, R., Rosário, A., Caldeira, D., Castro Caldas, A., Guerreiro, D., Venturelli, M., Tinazzi, M., Schena, F., & J. Ferreira, J. (2019). Physical activity, exercise, and physiotherapy in Parkinsons disease: defining the concepts. Movement Disorders Clinical Practice, 7(1), 715. Web.
Carranza, M., Snyder, M. R., Shaw, D. J., & Zesiewicz, T. A. (2013). Parkinsons disease: a guide to medical treatment (1st ed.). SEEd Medical Publishers.
Fejeran, J., Salazar, F., Alvarez, C. M., & Jahangiri, F. R. (2022). Deep brain stimulation and microelectrode recording for the treatment of Parkinsons disease. Cureus. Web.
Foster, E. R., Carson, L. G., Archer, J., & Hunter, E. G. (2021). Occupational therapy interventions for instrumental activities of daily living for adults with Parkinsons disease: a systematic review. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 75(3). Web.
Geerlings, A. D., Meinders, M. J., Bloem, B. R., & van der Marck, M. A. (2022). Using former carers expertise in peer support for carers of people with Parkinsons disease. Npj Parkinsons Disease, 8(1). Web.
Júlio, F., Ribeiro, M. J., Morgadinho, A., Sousa, M., van Asselen, M., Simões, M. R., Castelo-Branco, M., & Januário, C. (2020). Cognition, function and awareness of disease impact in early Parkinsons and Huntingtons disease. Disability and Rehabilitation, 44(6), 920938. Web.
Lenka, A., & Jankovic, J. (2021). Tremor syndromes: an updated review. Frontiers in Neurology, 12. Web.
Ludlow, K., Churruca, K., Ellis, L. A., Mumford, V., & Braithwaite, J. (2020). Family members prioritisation of care in residential aged care facilities: a case for individualised care. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 29(1718), 32723285. Web.
Marie, L. (2020). The complete guide for people with Parkinsons disease and their loved ones (1st ed.). Purdue University Press.
Selvaraj, S., & Piramanayagam, S. (2019). Impact of gene mutation in the development of Parkinsons disease. Genes & Diseases, 6(2), 120128. Web.
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