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2 pages max for your answers
No need to rewrite questions but you must follow the order and indicate what scenario and question you are answering.
Clinical Scenario 1: A 60s-year-old female presents to the emergency department with severe headache, palpitations, and sweating. She also reports frequent episodes of high blood pressure and has noticed a decrease in urine output. On examination, her blood pressure is 200 / 110 mmHg, heart rate is 120 beats per minute, and she appears anxious. laboratory tests reveal elevated plasma catecholamines and a 24-hour urine collection shows increased levels of metanephrines.
Neurocardiovascular Physiology.
Explain how the autonomic nervous system regulates cardiovascular function. to the extent covered in class, discuss the impact of elevated catecholamines on heart rate, blood pressure, and vascular resistance.
Renal Physiology.
To the extent covered in class, discuss how elevated blood pressure affects renal function. Explain the mechanisms leading to decreased urine output in the patient.
Clinical Scenario 2: A 35-year-old farmer is brought to the emergency department after accidentally ingesting an organophosphate pesticide. Organophosphate poisons bind to and inhibit acetylcholinesterase. He presents with symptoms of excessive salivation, sweating, muscle weakness, and difficulty breathing.
How does the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by organophosphates lead to skeletal muscle weakness and paralysis?
What are the physiological mechanisms behind the respiratory distress observed in organophosphate poisoning? What effect does respiratory muscle weakness have on transpulmonary pressure and inspiration? What effect do bronchospasms have on airway resistance?
Clinical Scenario 3: A 68-year-old male presents to the emergency department with worsening shortness of breath, chest pain, and a persistent cough producing pink, frothy sputum. He has a history of hypertension and coronary artery disease. On examination, he is tachypneic with a respiratory rate of 28 breaths per minute, and his oxygen saturation is 88% on room air. Auscultation reveals crackles in the lung bases. An echocardiogram shows a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction.
Cardiorespiratory Physiology.
To the extent covered in class, explain how left ventricular dysfunction can lead to pulmonary congestion and respiratory symptoms. Discuss the impact of decreased cardiac output on gas exchange and respiratory mechanisms.
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