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Executive Summary
The implementation of aviation drones is one of major goals pursued by the Dubai Civil Aviation Authority. However, the implementation of aviation drones faces a number of challenges which must be solved first. The drone aviation industry is a multi-disciplinary and borrows concepts initially conceptualized for military operations. The challenges blocking the adoption of aviation drones in Dubai cut through reliability, privacy and safety, financing and public trust. The public perception of drones as military hardware have far reaching consequences on their implementation. Dubai is an innovative city and stands a better chance to implement aviation drones which could supplement the luxurious services provided in the city. the study associates ease of doing business, access to financial services, regulations and reliability of drones as the key barriers to the use of drones in Dubai.
Abstract
This research explores the challenges that hinder the large-scale implementation of aviation drones in Dubai. While Dubai is one of the most developed cities globally, it is a perfect spot for the implementation of aviation drones. This technological venture has not been implemented to date. First, the paper introduces the problem of study and implores the background of the research. It also discusses the purpose and significance of the study. The following subsections discuss the application of passenger drones in real life. The study also presented the research questions and corresponding objectives. Chapter two reviews the existing literature on the history, development application, and innovation of drones. Chapter two also reviews the technical challenges facing drones and how they can be overcome. Lastly, the chapter discusses the future of drones in terms of size, payload, and onboard technical features. Chapter three presents the research methodology and introduces the failure mode effects analysis (FMEA) and the BMC/VPC on the research. Chapter four presents the results of the study, while chapter five analyzes the results. Chapter six presents the conclusion of the research. In summary, the study associates several challenges with the slow development and acquisition of aviation drones in Dubai. These include technical challenges, privacy and safety concerns, capital, regulations, and reliability of drones. The discussions chapter touches on all of these issues and presents recommendations accordingly.
Chapter one: Introduction
Problem Statement
The influence of new and developing skills on the economy, civilization, and individuals is undeniable. Most typically, they impact how people practice and accomplish tasks and how human beings attain their goals, to mention a few, while also introducing new skills and opportunities for the act. Referring to the Internet as an example, it not only allowed societies to exchange information more quickly and cheaply, but it also totally transformed how communities think about and utilize information. The civil aviation sector of Dubai has been looking into developing safe and secure projects for driving the implementation of new services to the population (Jeon et al., 2017). The critical problem to address is meeting the growing demand for air transportation while considering the adverse impact of pollution and hazardous emissions.
Considering the advanced development of various technologies and the availability of drone solutions, the implementation of an initiative for passenger drones can meet the needs mentioned above. State-of-the-art drones are a new and safe mode of transportation, which is a solution to traffic congestion in major cities (Kellermann et al., 2020). However, several challenges are in place when implementing the passenger drones project, such as the willingness of commercial stakeholders to invest, the high costs of new technologies, difficulties in managing infrastructural networks, and further technological challenges, which may hinder the potential commercial benefits. This research will examine how the new technology, commercial uncrewed aerial vehicles or whines, is hindered by obstacles while delivering value to individuals. This thesis will also provide solutions to the challenges hindering the implementation of commercial drones in Dubai by the Dubai Civil Aviation Authorities. As a result, drones are becoming increasingly essential in research, new skills, and the community.
Background
There has been a dilemma to either further develop drones or assist their integration with existing infrastructure. For that reason, several organizations and industry standards groups have been formed. They have created new and distinctive commercial-focused apps and facility platforms, and as a result, they have impacted how people think about technology and its business models (Al Sarrah et al., 2020). Subsequently, the likely rise of whine-based productions appears to change customer performance and peoples perceptions of freedom and responsibility. Dubai, the profit making head of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), implemented new legislation to administer the future services offered by drones and create a way for commercial drone facility ecosystems to permit passenger and other drone services within the city.
According to the Dubai Civil Aviation Authority, this new rule will facilitate a broader convention of commercial drones in the United Arab Emirates, which will also be a significant element in establishing the Dubai Sky Dome inventiveness (Al Sarrah et al., 2020). Dubais innovative skyscraper infrastructure progressed affinity, and digital services with transformations are currently famous, and Dubais government showed interest in implementing drones in Dubai. The Dubai innovation labs championed by the government were established for prototype distribution drones. The state transport consultant was among the front people in the universe to administer test airlifts with independent aerial vehicle designers Volocopter and Ehang.
UAE centralized aviation guidelines have currently limited the usage of drones to particular monitored commercial applications and fly zones, permitting survey services and photography, but barring any yonder line of prospect operations. The current Dubai drone law issues a plan for the Dubai Civil Aviation Authority (DCAA) to develop processes, regulations, and systems to consent to a wide range of using drones (Al Sarrah et al., 2020). Outstandingly, Dubais current law will enable DCAA to issue its Dubai Sky Drone enterprise, which is under development to issue virtual and physical infrastructure required for a whole range of drone amenities. The Dubai authority has devoted itself to establishing a sky traffic monitoring system to cope with drone movement. It will stipulate radio frequencies, height restrictions, and air corridors.
Dubais Law No.4, revealed in early 2020, simplifies implementing an assimilated framework for issuing certificates, licensing, inspection services, and No-Object Certificates (NOCs) associated with drone facilities and authorized systems for examining drones incidents and accidents. The law will develop an operational environment for commercial drones. It will also convert Dubai into a fundamental airspace substructure for Unmanned Inflight Vehicle systems capable of connecting buildings and places via miniatures and runways airports through the city (Al Kindi et al., n.d). It should come as no surprise that aviation and regulation are inextricably intertwined. Aviation is often acknowledged as the industry with the most stringent and comprehensive regulations. The nature of the laws is prompted by the cost of research and development of airports, transportation vessels and the potential dangers associated with the industry (Saraçyakupo lu, 2019). Airborne transports are the most expensive and pose security and logistical risks to those on board and the ground. Unlike other transport models, air transport operates airplanes, jumbo jets, and helicopters. In the recent past, drones have become some of the fastest and most convenient modes of transport for long distances, such as intercontinental linkages.
Embracing and adopting the new drone technology is ideal and brings forth benefits. Managing change in a highly technical and quickly changing sector has been the most challenging task for governments and aviation authorities alike since the invention of airplanes (Saraçyakupo lu, 2019). However, as drones become more prevalent in the civil aviation industry, new concerns question current assumptions and regulatory approaches. Governments have responded to rapidly evolving aircraft technology in the past, most notably during the two World Wars, by introducing legislation to harness aviation operations. That raises the issue of whether governments worldwide will be similarly forced into action in reaction to the risk that this new technology may pose, maybe in response to a catastrophic event.
The introduction of digital airplane technology, also referred to as distantly directed jet schemes (RPAS), into civil aviation has been compared to the debut of the jet engine (Onyegiri and Oke, 2017). One international observer even goes so far as to say that the UAS is the most significant advancement in commercial flying since the Wright Brothers Flyer (Du & Heldeweg, 2019). Australia has the potential to become a leader in these sectors via a commitment to technical innovation, such as remotely piloted aircraft RPAS systems, Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull recently remarked (ibid). The integration of UAS operations into unsegregated civilian airspace presents considerably more significant hurdles than the challenges that precede the introduction of any new technologically superior aircraft.
It is argued that a paradigm shift for governments and regulators may be necessary to properly attain this aim especially given the aggressive implementation timelines that many countries have set for themselves (Du & Heldeweg, 2019). The rate of development of the UAS technology necessitates a rethinking of how to manage this area of aviation and the distinctive qualities, capabilities, and diversity of their applications. As one commentator put it, our capacity to comprehend how, legally and morally, to use them is growing quicker than our ability to grasp how, legally and ethically, to use them (Yu et al., 2021).
Purpose of The Study
The purpose of this research is to identify solutions to the challenges of the DCAA drone initiative implementation in Dubai, including technological, infrastructural, and business-related recommendations. Considering the barrier associated with commercial stakeholders being hesitant to invest in drone technologies, DCAA is looking to find a solution that can help move the project forward, primarily due to the expectations to receive significant income from the government of Dubai.
Significance of The Study
The importance of the study is linked to the fact that large-scale drone technologies are only starting to be used for commercial purposes and public transportation, calling for a comprehensive overview of the challenges and the potential solutions to the identified challenges. Besides, research on Dubais use of drones is relatively limited, with most studies focusing on the security and military use of drones and drone technologies for delivery purposes. Considering the recent DCAA announcement regarding implementing the Dubai Sky Dome program focusing on drone travel, it is essential to unveil the organizations solutions to address the critical challenges related to the program.
Implementation of DCAA Commercial Drones in Dubai
Military research is at the heart of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) (Xu et al., 2020). Though UAVs have initially been designed to reduce the danger to workers in antagonistic areas, their skills, competencies, and applications have expanded to encompass investigation and data collection. The introduction and adoption of drone technologies have made air travel safer for the operators as they do not entail physical operation or monitoring. The transition from soldierly whines to citizen drones may be found back to the wake of Storm Katrina, 2005. Soldierly whines equipped with specific ultraviolet imaging devices were generally acknowledged as a helpful ground ability in the massive rescue operation that followed.
In 2016, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) issued the first certifications allowing M7RQ series soldierly whines to fly over non-combatant airspace (Calandrillo & Webb, 2020). The FAA has taken broad steps to register drones from multiple manufactures and for a broader range of applications. Subsequently, with centuries of growth in the exposed basis and fabricator groups, drones have made their way into the mainstream market. For example, in 2009, 3Drobotics, a major drone manufacturer, launched ArduPilot, an open-source autopilot stage founded on the Arduino (Baidya et al., 2018). Similarly, DJI and Imitator have open-source hardware and software initiatives in which the public is encouraged to participate in the development process. Though most of the work has initially been focused on hardware, the autopilot software that permits autonomous flying has also improved significantly.
For example, the open pilot project aims to develop a worldwide digital pilot application that may be utilized to flutter non-combatant drones for charitable, academic, and recreational purposes. Today, humanitarian efforts are thoroughly challenged by natural disasters and political instability, inhibiting their efforts to aid the needy. Drone growth is similar to the development of other new technologies, such as 3D printers, and stands a chance to improve the lives of millions (Bryukhovetskaya et al., 2020). However, the technologies are also susceptible to misuse by terrorist groups and other ill-intending groups. Whine manufacturers have encouraged the universal adoption of their project procedure by building and offering development tools that help engineers and regulators solve technical and managerial problems at groundbreaking speeds. Most of the projects were developed over long periods as the projects were developed by geographically dispersed people (Khan et al., 2018). It was simple to exchange, test, and alter the designs due to this. 3D printers were also crucial in this procedure since they allowed for quick prototyping and production of whine components.
The communitys availability of provisions and properties has tremendously aided in lowering the obstacle to the entrance for innovative drone enthusiasts and unprofessional designers. In addition to manufacturers, drone-related services have arisen as an innovative company in this field, calling for the development of larger drones while implementing regulatory and oversight policies. The most basic of these services is the delivery of whine, assembly, maintenance, and repair (Khan et al., 2018). Drone leasing facilities have also sprung up in some locations, allowing people and businesses to rent whines on an hourly or regular foundation. TV and movie production, agricultural estates, advertising companies, inspection and examination centers, building and construction companies, event management companies, amongst others, are using drone technologies to taking pictures and videos by hiring drones (While et al., 2021). The third sort of service, which is widespread in the agriculture business, uses drones to do monitoring and review on behalf of their customers. However, the application of such drones is limited, whereby they have been mainly used to carry lightweight cargo such as spy cameras and onboard sensors.
Drone brokers offer final sales services, and they do not possess any complaints regarding their mode of operations or services offered. That is because they are focus on making money rather than ensuring the best quality services to their clients, which could subsequently trigger disputes when legal matters arise. Somewhat, they serve as a market that connects persons who possess and operate whines with customers who, in most cases, need aerial pictures and survey data. In 2014, the worldwide market for commercial drones was over $700 million, with DJI leading the way, followed by Parrot and 3Drobotics. The drone market was anticipated to grow to $1 billion in 2015 and $1.7 billion in 2018 (Cohn et al., 2017). Besides, the DIY market, whose sales are primarily in components, is a rapidly increasing area. Within the next three years, the demand for whine-linked facilities is predictable to equal hardware sales.
Commercial Applications of Drones
Drones are seen as a booming stage of any sort in the business space, and they have been mainly employed for investigation and scrutiny. Whines are being utilized to scan fields, conduct pursuit and liberation processes, and tracking desolate animals in the wild. Other uses include monitoring animal populations, conducting land surveys, monitoring forest fires, examining oil tubes, electric power lines, and other distant structures (Maharana, 2017). Their capacity to transport weighty paraphernalia has been used to spray on massive farms, medical transport provisions, and medications to difficult-to-reach places. Aerial photography is the most frequent use for the customer and routine whines.
Customers now come with built-in imaging devices or linked arrangements (provisions/options) to install lightweight equipment. They can also only fly up to 400 feet under current FAA restrictions. They generally need to be measured in real-time by a humanoid aviator during take-off, alighting, and checking unforeseen obstructions. Despite those limitations, they have a wide variety of applications, providing resolutions to various industry areas. Although whines in the local territory can only fly within sight, remote piloting is now possible by employing aboard imaging devices to broadcast animated film and device input to smartphones, computers, or controller in-built displays. Drone manufacturers, facility benefactors, and podium assemblers are all looking at the commercial opportunities in these areas.
The expose of drones in telecommunication sector has shifted from soldierly to civilian drones, reflecting the markets rising demand. These would alter the face of the business in terms of security, rapidity, and, as a result, prices. Drones, for example, are now challenging the usage of helicopters by performing comparable duties while costing less than a tenth of the price of a helicopter. Drones are being investigated for use in large industries to transport heavier payloads. In addition, it may be used for quieter missions like animal detection because of the close immediacy at which the UAV can fly and its lower sound level when associated with a physical plane.
Finally, efforts to create a delivery drone capable of transporting weights up to 5 pounds have been extensively reported. Over the last two decades, the development of the Internet as a commerce platform has permitted businesses to grow quickly, cut expenses and delivery footprints, and essentially abandon the brick-and-mortar setting. The transportation and delivery organization, on the other hand, is still reliant on land and midair transport. Whines provide an innovative mode of transport and distribution. Hence, they can alter the game: Amazon, Major, Midair, DHL, and Google are examples of the main to investigate this innovative style of distribution. Although these companies have the capital needed to carry out such projects, the cost of research and development of drones is on the decline, thanks to the development of better, faster, and more efficient optimizing tools.
Amazon has stated that it will bring more than eighty percent of its items by midair. As a result, science, technology, politics, social movements, and business have influenced commercial drones design, development, and usage. Drones, in turn, have had an impact on these elements of the community, according to some experts and critics. The procedures underlying those shifts have been extensively studied in science, knowledge, and society, and attention is now drawn towards this new technology. The researcher conducted the study in which we examined the controversy surrounding the growth and usage of whines. The methods and conclusions of our study are presented in the following sections, shadowed by recommendations for consultants in this arena and investigators investigating this singularity.
Research Objectives
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To provide solutions to helping commercial stakeholders invest in drone technologies within the DCAA project in Dubai.
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To provide solutions to infrastructural network challenges associated with large-scale drone technology use within the DCAA project in Dubai.
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To provide solutions to technical challenges associated with large-scale drone technology use within the DCAA project in Dubai.
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To provide solutions to business challenges in the light of possible commercial benefits of large-scale drone technology use within the DCAA project in Dubai.
Research Questions
The main research question is: What are the proposed solutions to facilitate the investment of commercial stakeholders in the DCAA passenger drone project?
The supporting research questions are the following:
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What are the solutions to helping commercial stakeholders invest in drone technologies within the DCAA project in Dubai?
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What are solutions to infrastructural network challenges associated with large-scale drone technology use within the DCAA project in Dubai?
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What solutions to technology challenges are associated with large-scale drone technology use within the DCAA project in Dubai?
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What are the solutions to business challenges in the light of possible commercial benefits of large-scale drone technology use within the DCAA project in Dubai?
In discussing and researching new technologies, it is crucial to comprehend the acceptable definitions of the primary subject. Nevertheless, the application, acceptance, and use of such depictions offer significant benefits to aviation compared to the possible intellectual rigor or debates. The description for crewless aircraft activities highlighted in this thesis, and which the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has accepted, is adequately wide to comprehend the assortment of the main subject that currently exists. It also accommodates its evolution as it continuously intrudes other sections of the contemporary community. The publics awareness of unmonitored aircraft that is famously known as commercial drones comes widely from the usage of drones in military activities overseas.
Unmanned Aviation Vehicles (UAV) are operated as aircraft without the possibility of direct human interventions on the plane or within the plane. The uncomplicatedness of UAV description contradicts the difficulty of organization of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) for supervisory resolutions, and a challenge explored in different details in the literature review. In the year 2005, the Intercontinental Civil Aviation Union decided to utilize the word UAV. It termed the word as a pilotless aircraft that is flown without a commanding pilot. The pilotless aircraft is fully controlled or remotely monitored from a different location or fully and autonomously programmed. Autonomous vehicles have been on the rise and improve the autopilot feature in most jumbo jets operating in the skies.
No aircraft within Dubai is permitted to be flown without a trained pilot and authorization from the state. Each state ought to ensure that airplanes that lack pilots in areas exposed to civil planes must be monitored to prevent hazards to interior aircraft. In 2007, the Intercontinental Civil Aviation Union applied UAV and decided to use UAS as the favored term and restricted the time as an aircraft with linked elements functioned without a pilot on the panel. The decision to adopt this term was proposed at the second casual Intercontinental Civil Aviation Union meeting to support the European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment (EUROCAE) and the Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics (RTCA) uncontrolled aircraft (De Schrijver, 20919. The meeting similarly resolved to establish study groups.
The first section of this study outlines the introduction, which includes the problem statement: The civil aviation segment of Dubai has been considering infrastructural developments for driving the application of new facilities domains and areas. The critical disorderliness to address is gathering the growing plea for air conveyance while bearing in mind the adverse influence of contamination and dangerous emissions. The introduction also outlines the background of this research, the purpose of this research, research questions, research objectives, and the overview of commercial drones implementation in Dubai. The second section of this study outlines the literature review and the obstacles hindering the implementation of commercial drones in Dubai. The literature review has also outlined the solutions that the government of Dubai may implement to eliminate the challenges hindering the implementation of the DCAA commercial drones in Dubai.
Chapter Two: Literature Review
Introduction
The chapter reviews the existing literature on the development, application, and regulations of drone technologies. The chapter explores the advent of the aviation sector and the development of related technologies. The chapter also covers the initial development of aviation vessels, competition among the manufacturers, wide-scale industrial applications, and regulatory advances. The chapter goes further to explore the introduction of aviation services in Dubai and the growth of Dubai into a global aviation center. The chapter finally reviews the application of drones in the aviation industry, the existing challenges, regulations, and potential breakthroughs. It is achieved alongside the challenges facing the aviation sector in Dubai and its environs.
History Of Drones
Drones are unmanned aerial vehicles developed to carry out a wide range of tasks (Nguyen and Nguyen, 2021). The development of drones is modeled on Bernoullis principle of pressure and motion and is developed to take off, fly and land like conventional helicopters. However, drones are far much smaller and cheaper than helicopters and have a low carrying capacity. While helicopters can carry several tons of freight, most drones are designed to carry lightweight cargo, such as digital cameras and spatial sensors. Drones vary in size and are capable of flying varying distances. Drones cover much shorter distances than the helicopter, are lighter and more economical. Most aviation vessels run on jet fuel, while drones run on electricity stored on lithium-cell batteries. The application of drones has changed over the years and now covers military operations, entertainment, research, spying, and disaster assessment and management.
The history of drones and that of the aviation industry go hand in hand. The history of drones dates back to the 19th century when Austria used unnamed balloons to attack Venice (Afxentiou, 2018). The balloons contained explosives and were a significant leap in technology and military intelligence. The balloons contained about 15 pounds of explosives each and were dropped once positioned above the city. Lucky enough, most of the balloons were blown away by a sudden change in the wind, and most of the city remained intact. The use of balloons does not meet the criteria for classifying drones today but played a significant role in developing unmanned aerial vehicles later in world wars. Although the surprise mission was a failure, it was a significant development and advancement of the aviation engineering concepts that later saw the birth of the airplane. The thought of the use of unmanned balloons to attack Venice saw the development of technologies that would later be used for military purposes, as is the case today.
Most drones are flown by a set of quadcopters where four-bladed rotate and provide enough thrust to list and steer the vessel. In 1907, French engineers developed a dummy airplane which would later be improved into the modern helicopter. Although the vehicle was manned and was based on primitive technologies, it was a groundbreaking experiment for modern aviation and engineering (Aydin, 2019). The French engineers developed a gyroscope that only rose less than a meter high and convinced the world that the technology could be improved viably. Just like the Austrian balloons, it was a failure at the time, only to prove to be a significant leap in technology decades later.
The first world war was a catalyst in the development and advancement of air transport. After the successful development and test of the first airplane by the Wright brothers, scientists and engineers ventured into deep research, development, and improvement of the airplane and the aviation industry at large (Prisznyák, 2018). The development of real drones began in 1916 and was used to transmit radio signals to troops on battlefields. This technology was predominantly developed and used by the British. However, the Germans adopted the technology and employed it to develop military hardware during the second world war. The British project was unsuccessful, but the founding engineer was tagged as the father of radio guidance systems. The work was then implemented in the British army and helped the troops communicate in seemingly impossible situations and circumstances.
A few years later, the United States built a gyroscopic controlled Kerrting Bug, which was mechanically automated to plunge into the earth and detonate explosive payload. The National Museum of US air force notes that the wings would be released when the engine was turned off by cutting electric current. The series of events would occur after the vehicle had flown for some defined time (Chandler, 2017). The bugs were developed for the first world way by the Dayton-Wright Airplane Company. However, delivery delays made sure they were not used in the first world war.
The development of UAV technologies continued interrupted after the end of the first world war. The US military was the first to experiment radio controlled vessels. The experiments resulted in the development of the Curtiss N2C-2 drone (Jeler, 2020). On the other hand, the British Queen Bee led to adopting the name drone used to refer to UAV. Walter Righter and Reginald Denny developed the Radioplane OQ-2, the first drone to be produced for massive military activities. The vessels were remotely controlled, dwarfing the high-end fighter jets and helicopters, which needed a minimum of a two-person crew to fly. De Schrijver (2019) notes that the Radioplane was heavily used by the US who acquired about 15000 drones during the second world war.
Edward M. Sorensen takes credit for developing and implementing drones (Hodgkinson & Jonhston, 2018). Sources indicate that they idealized and implemented a system that could monitor the movement of airplanes from the ground. He, however, patented the idea making it impossible for others to commercialize the idea without his consent. The project enables engineers to monitor and control airplanes and other airborne objects out of sight, which could not be done before. The Germans developed the V-1 Doodlebugs during the second world war, technically cruise missiles powered by pulsejets. The Doodlebugs launched terror bombing in British towns and cities. The vessels were very complicated reflected the technological developments of that time. They were self-guided and could navigate to their target with great precision. To control speed and altitude, the Doodlebugs used gyroscopic
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